Residential Care Options

Introduction

Deciding to move out of one’s home and into a different type of housing is often a difficult decision for elders or people with disabilities and their caregivers. Caregivers often struggle to care for loved ones so they are able to remain at home as long as possible. However, there often comes a time when moving someone to a residential care facility may become the most realistic way to provide the best care, and the only way to relieve a caregiver’s overwhelming burden.

If you or a loved one is considering a move to an out-of-home living situation, you might be confused by all the housing options. Will a board-and-care home, assisted living facility, or nursing home be the best choice? And what are the differences between these housing options?

This Fact Sheet provides an overview of residential options that offer some level of medical and/or personal care services for elders and others who need assistance in daily living. It does not cover housing options such as independent living and senior apartments, which do not include health services.

The Fact Sheet describes different types of housing, how much they cost, and how to choose a good facility. The goal is to help you decide which facility would be the most comfortable, safe, appropriate and affordable for your loved one.

Is It Time for a Move?

An increase in certain “special care needs” often triggers discussions about moving into residential care. These care needs might include: incontinence, wandering, sleeplessness, combative and other difficult dementia behavior, tube feeding, skin care treatment, and assistance with transferring (e.g., moving someone from bed to chair). It is common to find that the emotional well-being of the care receiver is also a factor: if the care receiver is suffering from depression, for example, it is more difficult for the caregiver to sustain long-term care.

Another turning point is when the person can no longer attend adult day care, requiring the family to provide care 24 hours a day. It is also common for a placement decision to be made after a crisis or hospitalization. A decline in the physical health of the caregiver is another major reason for placement.

Making the Transition from Home to Residential Facility

If you and your family have decided that it may be time for your loved one to move into a facility, the following tips may help towards a peaceful transition:

Don’t wait for a crisis: plan ahead. Learning about your options can help reduce the confusion and trauma of a move and lessen the emotional ordeal for both you and your loved one. A thoughtful comparison of available choices will help all involved gain insight into finding the most appropriate setting and level of care for your loved one. The process will assist you in making informed decisions that will help you and your family regain a sense of control over what might feel like an unmanageable situation.
Have a family meeting: Whenever possible, the decision to move into a facility should be discussed fully with your loved one. (When you are dealing with a cognitive disorder such as advanced Alzheimer’s disease, however, you may have to make the decisions without their participation.) In addition, you and your family members, a social worker, case manager, hospital discharge planner, financial planner and/or spiritual advisor can be helpful in making sure that your loved one’s needs will be met and that your family feels comfortable with the move.
Determine your loved one’s particular housing needs: One of the most important steps in finding the right facility for your loved one is thinking about his or her particular needs.
- What level of care does she or he need?
- How much independence and privacy is the right level for your loved one?
- Does your loved one have any physical or cognitive impairment?
- What are your loved one’s likely future needs?
- Is a smaller or larger facility likely to work better?
Get support for you: Many caregivers feel guilty about moving a loved one into a facility. If you are having these feelings, it may help to speak to a counselor or support group. And remember that putting your loved one in a residential facility may be the best choice for his or her health and safety as well as your own well-being.

Getting Started

One place to begin your search for elder housing (and caregiver support programs for you) is with your local Area Agency on Aging (AAA). You can find your local AAA by visiting the Eldercare Locator website or by calling (800) 677-1116.

Your AAA can provide the following:

A list of licensed facilities in your area.
Licensing regulations for your state.
Contact information for your long-term care ombudsman.
Contact information for Medicare and Medicaid in your state (Medi-Cal in California).

One helpful way to begin this process is to hire a geriatric care manager familiar with local facilities to help you find a new residence for your loved one. Care managers usually charge a fee for their services. To find a geriatric care manager near you, visit the Aging Life Care Association (formerly National Association of Professional Geriatric Care Managers), www.aginglifecare.org, or call (520) 881-8008. Some community organizations may also provide this service at lower cost.

Types of Facilities: What’s in a Name?

To help you determine which type of housing might be right for your loved one, you must become familiar with what options exist and what services they provide. Housing options vary widely in terms of size, cost, services and facilities. Be aware also that the terms used to describe these options may vary from state to state. The following list describes the most common housing options and key features (please note that key features listed are normally, but not always, present).

Board and Care Homes

(Also known as: Residential Care for the Elderly [RCFE], Personal Care Homes, Sheltered Housing, Homes for Adults, Domiciliary Care, Adult Foster Care or Senior Group Homes.)

Board and care homes are smaller in scale than assisted living facilities, though many states consider them to be one form of assisted living. Some board and care facilities are specialized (e.g., serving only residents with Alzheimer’s disease). They provide a room, meals, and help with daily activities.

Number of Residents: Usually up to six.
Cost: Often lower than other facilities.
Setting: Many of these are in traditional homes in residential neighborhoods. Residents may share bathrooms, bedrooms and living spaces.
Services: Meals; help with daily activities (though some provide limited nursing level care, such as administering medications); and sometimes social activities.
Medicare/Medicaid Reimbursable: Medicare does not cover; Medicaid 1915c waivers can be used in most states to pay for services. SSI may also be used for payments.
Features: Personal, family-style care.

For more information:

Contact the Area Agency on Aging near you (see Getting Started).

Assisted Living Facilities

(Also known as Residential Care Facilities or Adult Congregate Living.)

Assisted living communities are designed for individuals who have difficulty living alone, but do not need daily nursing care. Unfortunately, the definition of the term “assisted living” varies from state to state, as each state has its own licensing requirements and regulations. Families need to visit facilities and ask detailed questions to know what services each facility offers.

Number of Residents: Varies widely; 40 to 100 rooms is typical.
Cost: Midlevel; the national average in 2004 was $2,524 per month, but may be much higher in some communities. Costs depend on what level of service the person requires, and increase as the number of services increases. Most facilities charge a basic monthly rate that covers rent and utilities, and then charge separately for services. Many facilities also charge a one-time entrance fee.
Setting: Facilities may only have bedrooms or they may have full apartments, with a large dining room and lounge for residents to come together.
Services: Housekeeping services (as in a hotel); meals; help with daily activities; transportation to appointments; medication reminders and administration; social and recreational activities; 24-hour supervision.
Medicare/Medicaid Reimbursable: Medicare does not cover; Medicaid 1915c waivers can be used in most states to pay for services.
Features: Apartment-style living; privacy and independence with a menu of services to choose from.

For more information:

National Center for Assisted Living (NCAL)
Choosing An Assisted Living Residence: A Consumer’s Guide
(202) 842-4444
www.ahcancal.org

Assisted Living Federation of America
(703) 894-1805
www.alfa.org

Consumer Consortium on Assisted Living
(703) 533-8121
www.ccal.org

Nursing Homes

(Also called Skilled Nursing Facility (SNF), Convalescent Hospitals or Rest Home).

Nursing homes provide care for individuals who need nursing care without being in a hospital, as well as recreation and help with daily activities.

Number of Residents: Average of 109 beds per nursing home nationally.
Cost: High. The national average in 2004 was $5,070-5,760 per month; costs vary widely among geographic regions.
Setting: Large facilities, often in a hospital- like setting.
Services: Medical services and 24-hour nursing care; help with daily activities; recreation; rehabilitative care (e.g., physical therapy).
Medicare/Medicaid Reimbursable: Medicare pays for up to 100 days of care, however, individuals must be referred by a physician upon hospital discharge and have the need for skilled nursing care. Often, Medicare will pay only for a few weeks of rehabilitation services after hospitalization. Medicaid is accepted by many homes for ongoing care, but a person’s eligibility must be established.
Features: Provides the highest level of supervision and medical services for residents compared to other facilities. A more recent movement, spearheaded by such organizations as the Eden Alternative and Green House Project, aims to provide more client-centered care than traditional nursing home models. However, these alternatives are not yet available in all areas of the country.

For more information:

National Citizens Coalition for Nursing Home Reform
(202) 332-2275
www.nccnhr.org

Nursing Home Compare
(800) MEDICARE
www.medicare.gov

For nationwide nursing home ratings and quality of care information:
www.memberofthefamily.net

National Long Term Care Ombudsman Resource Center
(202)332-2275
www.ltcombudsman.org

Eden Alternative/Green House Project
www.edenalt.com
www.thegreenhouseproject.org

Continuing Care Retirement Communities (CCRCs)

(Also known as Life Care Facilities.)

CCRCs are usually large complexes that offer options ranging from independent living to skilled nursing home care. These facilities are specifically designed to provide lifetime care within one community, so residents often move there when still independent and then change residences within the community if medical and/or personal care services are needed. Residents cannot be made to leave because of a worsening condition.

Number of Residents: Many.
Cost: High. Most communities require a buy-in fee and monthly payments. These fees can range from lows of $20,000 to highs of $400,000 and more. Monthly payments can range from $200 to $2,500 or more.
Setting: Large campuses with many buildings, usually including separate homes, assisted living facilities and nursing homes.
Services: Depend on which type of facility person resides in. All levels of care are accommodated.
Medicare/Medicaid Reimbursable: Medicare does not cover; Medicaid may pay for services in nursing home.
Features: Ability to move to higher level of care if needed without having to relocate to a different community.

For more information:

Commission on Accreditation of Rehabilitation Facilities (CARF)
(866) 888-1122
CARF-CCAC offers an online search of accredited continuing care retirement communities. To request a printed list of accredited providers in your region call the number listed above.
www.carf.org

Other Types of Elder Housing Facilities

Special Care Units for individuals with Alzheimer’s disease/dementia may be specialized nursing homes or designated portions of existing nursing homes. Special services may include secured grounds, trained staff, special architectural design, and therapeutic activities. Special care units are typically costly, and are not certified for Medicaid.

Paying for Residential Care

Many Americans are understandably confused about long-term care and whether government programs like Medicare and Medicaid will pay for housing and services. As a general rule, Medicare does not cover housing facilities and Medicaid only covers nursing home costs for low-income people or for people who have spent their assets paying for long-term care and now need government assistance.

The following is a list of the most common financing programs and what they cover:

Medicare is a health insurance program for people over the age of 65 and certain disabled individuals. Medicare will only pay for nursing home costs to help a person recover from a medical problem, but will not pay for someone with a chronic condition who needs to live in a nursing home. People are eligible for Medicare nursing home coverage after a hospital stay of at least three days. Medicare covers no more than 100 days, as long as the person has the need for skilled nursing services.
Medicaid (Medi-Cal in California) is the primary financing option for most individuals in nursing homes. Medicaid does not pay for assisted living or continuing care retirement communities (with the exception of their skilled nursing units). However, Medicaid may cover home and community-based services, sometimes in the form of Medicaid waivers (often called Medicaid 1915c waivers), which can cover some care in these other facilities.
Intended to assist low-income people, Medicaid may come into play after people have used up, or “spent down,” their assets (often on long-term care expenses) until they qualify. It is a good idea to get the help of a qualified elder law attorney to make sure that correct procedures are followed when determining Medicaid eligibility. An attorney also can help deal with issues such as protecting the assets of a well spouse (if the individual is married), and how family monetary contributions affect eligibility.
Reverse mortgages can be used to finance long-term care in a residential facility if the individual owns a home. For more information about reverse mortgages, visit www.aarp.org.
Long-term care insurance, purchased before someone has a chronic illness, pays for long-term care in a variety of settings, including assisted living and board-and-care homes.

How Can You Tell If It Is a Good Facility?

Checklists to Evaluate Facilities

National Center For Assisted Living
A Consumer Guide to Assisted Living and Residential Care Facilities
(202) 842-4444
www.ncal.org

Assissted Living Federation of America
ALFA’s Guide to Choosing an Assisted Living Residence
(703) 894-1805
www.alfa.org

AARP
Nursing Home Evaluation Checklist
www.aarp.org

Once you’ve decided on the type of facility that you think will fit your loved one best, you are ready to shop around to determine which particular nursing home or board-and-care is right for your loved one.

Probably the most important thing you can do in your evaluation is simply to visit the facility at different times of the day (sometimes without making an appointment) and do the following:

Talk to current residents and ask about their experience in the facility. What do they like and dislike?—to help form your opinion. Have a meal to sample the food and
Use your senses—sight, sound, smellchat with residents and mealtime staff.
Observe interactions among residents and staff. Do residents and staff get along well? Does there seem to be enough staff to help with residents who need assistance? Do the residents seem happy, respected and well cared for?
Talk with staff to find out if they like working at the facility.
Observe social activities and recreation. Are there activities that would be of interest to your loved one? Are events well attended? Are residents engaged in the activities?

Some aspects of the facility are less apparent but equally important in determining the quality of care and the likelihood that it will be a good match. A few important issues to consider include:

Grievance procedures if there’s a complaint.
Discharge, admission and retention policies.
Transfers and room change policy within the facility.
Refund policy. Some facilities offer a trial period to make sure that the facility is appropriate.
Rate changes. Facilities often raise rates three to five percent per year. Facilities should provide you with their policies regarding rate changes. Many operate on a “cafeteria plan”: rates rise as the number of provided services increases.
Medical and pharmacy partnerships. Some facilities require that residents use a specific pharmacy or medical center. Be sure that these medical facilities work with your relative’s health insurance.

Resources for Checking on a Facility

Licensing inspection reports. Ask to read a copy of the last licensing inspection report. You may find A Place for Mom’s State Guide to Assisted Living Records and Reports helpful also. www.aplaceformom.com

Long-term care ombudsman. Contact your long-term care ombudsman to see if any complaints have recently been filed. In many states, the ombudsman is responsible for assisted living facilities as well as nursing homes.

National Long-term Care Ombudsman Resource Center
(202) 332-2275
www.ltcombudsman.org/

Other resources for information. Contact or visit the websites of the following for more information on the quality of care at nursing homes:

Nursing Home Compare
(800) MEDICARE
www.medicare.gov

Council of Better Business Bureaus
(703) 276-0100
https://www.bbb.org/

Joint Commission on Accreditation of HealthCare Organizations
(630) 792-5000
www.qualitycheck.org

MemberoftheFamily.net
www.memberofthefamily.net

Settling Your Loved One in a New Home

Once you have chosen a facility and gone through the admission process, your loved one will be ready to move into his or her new home. Many facilities allow residents to bring some personal possessions to help make the new home feel comfortable. It will be useful for you to visit your loved one in the new facility frequently, especially right after the move. This will help to ensure that the facility staff is responsive to your loved one’s needs and that the placement is working well. Helping to orient your loved one to his or her new living situation can ease the stress of the transition and hopefully will lay the foundation for a good adjustment to the new home.

References

The MetLife Market Survey of Assisted Living Costs: October 2004. Mature Market Institute.

The MetLife Market Survey of Nursing Home and Home Care Costs: September 2004. Mature Market Institute.

Supportive Housing for an Aging Society. Generations, Winter 2006. Volume 29, No. 4.

The State Long-Term Health Care Sector 2004: Characteristics, Utilization, and Government Funding, March 28, 2005. American Health Care Association.

Paying for Aging Services, updated 4/10/2006. American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging (now LeadingAge) www.leadingage.org.

Resources

Family Caregiver Alliance
National Alliance on Caregiving
785 Market Street, Suite 750
San Francisco, CA 94103
(415) 434-3388
(800) 445-8106
Website: www.caregiver.org
E-mail: info@caregiver.org

Family Caregiver Alliance seeks to improve the quality of life for caregivers of adults through education, services, research and advocacy.

FCA’s National Center on Caregiving offers information on current social, public policy and caregiving issues and provides assistance in the development of public and private programs for caregivers.

For residents of the greater San Francisco Bay Area, FCA provides direct family support services for caregivers of those with Alzheimer’s disease, stroke, head injury, Parkinson’s and other debilitating health conditions that strike adults.

AARP
(888) 687-2277
www.aarp.org

Administration on Aging: Housing Information
(800) 677-1116 (Eldercare Locator)
eldercare.acl.gov

LeadingAge (formerly American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging)
www.leadingage.org

American Seniors Housing Association
www.seniorshousing.org

Assisted Living Federation of America
www.alfa.org

Consumer Consortium on Assisted Living
www.ccal.org

The National Center for Assisted Living
www.ncal.org

Seniorresource.com
www.seniorresource.com

National Citizens Coalition for Nursing Home Reform
www.nccnhr.org

Nursing Home Compare
www.medicare.gov

This Fact Sheet was prepared by Family Caregiver Alliance in cooperation with the California Caregiver Resource Centers and funded by the California Department of Mental Health. © 2006 Family Caregiver Alliance. All rights reserved.

Residential Care Options

Introduction

Is It Time for a Move?

Making the Transition from Home to Residential Facility

Getting Started

Types of Facilities: What’s in a Name?

Board and Care Homes

Assisted Living Facilities

Nursing Homes

Continuing Care Retirement Communities (CCRCs)

Other Types of Elder Housing Facilities

Paying for Residential Care

How Can You Tell If It Is a Good Facility?

Resources for Checking on a Facility

Settling Your Loved One in a New Home

References

Recommended Readings

Resources